Articles

CPO vs PFAD vs UCO: A Complete Comparison for Biofuel Procurement

A definitive comparison of crude palm oil (CPO), palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), and used cooking oil (UCO) as biofuel feedstocks — covering ISCC classification, Annex IX eligibility, GHG savings, SAF pathways, and supply chain risk for procurement teams.

ISCC Certification for Palm-Derived Feedstock: EU vs PLUS, Scope and Common Gaps

A practical guide to ISCC certification for Malaysian palm oil exporters — covering ISCC EU versus ISCC PLUS, certification scope across the supply chain, deforestation cut-off requirements, LUC assessment, and common audit gaps for mills and refineries.

Palm Oil Feedstock Market: Structure, Streams and Regulatory Context

An analytical overview of the palm oil feedstock market — covering primary, secondary, and waste streams, the regulatory framework shaping demand, and Malaysia's structural position in the global biofuel supply chain.